Future Internet and Optical Quantum Communications

The Future of the World Economy is a Knowledge Economy — 

the Internet, its Backbone

- Overview

In the future knowledge economy, the Internet is considered the crucial backbone, acting as the primary infrastructure that enables the rapid sharing, access, and creation of knowledge across the globe, facilitating innovation and driving economic growth in a highly information-based society; essentially, the internet is the critical platform for the knowledge economy to function effectively. 

Main reasons about the Internet as the backbone of the knowledge economy:

• Information accessibility: The Internet provides ubiquitous access to vast amounts of information, allowing individuals and businesses to readily learn and adapt to new knowledge.
• Collaboration and innovation: Online platforms facilitate collaboration between diverse knowledge workers across geographical boundaries, leading to faster innovation cycles.
• Digital skills development: The Internet enables access to online learning platforms, promoting continuous education and development of digital skills crucial in the knowledge economy.
• Data-driven decision making: The ability to collect, analyze, and interpret large datasets through the Internet empowers informed decision-making across industries.
• Global reach: The internet's global connectivity allows knowledge to be shared and applied across borders, facilitating international collaboration and economic integration.

Potential future developments in the knowledge economy with the Internet as its backbone: 

• Artificial intelligence (AI): AI-powered systems could further enhance knowledge discovery and analysis by processing large volumes of data on the internet.
• Immersive technologies: Virtual reality and augmented reality could create new ways to experience and interact with knowledge online.
• Blockchain technology: Blockchain could be used to create secure and transparent systems for managing and sharing intellectual property.

Please refer to the following for more information:

• Wikipedia: Knowledge Economy
• Wikipedia: History of the internet
• Wikipedia: Fourth Industrial Revolution

- The Knowledge Economy and The Internet

The knowledge economy is a type of production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that help accelerate technological and scientific progress while also accelerating obsolescence. A key component of the knowledge economy is greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.

Over the centuries, new technologies have ushered in a new era of incremental change in every aspect of life and revolutionized countless industries. The invention of the steam engine ushered in the Industrial Revolution, expanding trade and transportation. 

Quantum physics is the foundation of the electronic revolution that brought us transistors, televisions, radios, and computers. The Internet has sparked an amazing information and communication revolution that still sends shockwaves through nearly every industry and at the core of our culture and way of life.   

The Internet is a vast network of connections that allows information to be transferred back and forth between users. On the Internet, everything is data. From your favorite websites to the shows you watch on Netflix, everything you watch on the internet has to be streamed to your device before it becomes the image you see on your screen.

The speed at which this happens depends on the infrastructure that handles the task. Much of the journey is handled by high-capacity connections between cities and stretching across oceans — what we might call the Internet's "backbone" — but residential consumers also depend on a more complex infrastructure that connects communities and individual homes to that backbone. These finer connections are called "last mile" connections.

- The Internet - A Critical Infrastructure In The Digital Age

The Internet underlies nearly every facet of our daily lives and is the foundation for much of the critical infrastructure that keeps our Nation running. The systems that support electricity, financial services, transportation, and communications are increasingly interconnected.

In our digital world, the Internet has long been an essential part of the infrastructure. Larger and larger streams of data flow tirelessly across the globe. Connectivity is an indispensable foundation for future technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality. Digitization is impossible without the Internet. 

The Internet provides the infrastructure to connect digital infrastructure and services on demand at software speeds through secure software-defined interconnections. Extend hybrid deployments for network agility with simple, secure, direct connectivity to partners and providers. 

As we move deeper into the next technological revolution, AI, autonomous driving, the Internet of Things (IoT), and more are transforming our daily lives, and the things we do and the way we do things are changing dramatically. But the shift to breakthrough capabilities and insights requires a robust network backbone with the speed and weight of next-generation 5G wireless networks.

- The Future of The Internet: The Rise of Decentralization

The future Internet is the general term for the research activities of the new Internet architecture. The future of the internet is what we shape for the next generation. Humanity must be at the center of the future Internet. No one can predict the future of the internet, but it's too important to ignore. Most believe that the internet will continue to shape our digital future.   

As new technologies develop and gain attention, the public tends to fall into two categories: those who believe the new technology will have an impact and grow, and those who don't. The former is often true, so understanding how future technologies will differ from the status quo is critical to preparing them for mass adoption. 

The Internet is arguably the most important technological revolution in human history. However, some important challenges remain, and much remains to be done to ensure equitable and equal access to life-changing digital connections for everyone around the world. 

In a decentralized Internet, power and control are distributed rather than centralized. In the future, the internet will increasingly be powered by decentralized technologies like blockchain and peer-to-peer networks, rather than controlled by a few government entities or large corporations. This will allow for greater privacy and security and will reduce censorship. 

A decentralized internet will also enable new types of applications and services that are not possible on the current centralized internet.

- The Internet and The Web

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that allows people to communicate, share information and access resources from anywhere in the world. It was created by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s as a way for researchers and scientists to connect computers and share information.

The World Wide Web (or simply the World Wide Web) is a system of interrelated documents and resources linked together by hyperlinks and URLs. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 as a way for scientists to share information more easily. The Internet has rapidly developed into the most popular way to access online information.

Together, the Internet and the World Wide Web have revolutionized the way we communicate, do business, and obtain information. They enable people around the world to connect instantly and transform many industries from media and entertainment to education and healthcare.

In the Internet of the future, digital (online) activity will merge with the virtual and physical worlds to create lifelike, immersive experiences. Brands, schools, employers and individuals will all operate their own virtual worlds where people can come together to learn, play, work or socialize.

The Metaverse - a persistent, shared digital environment in which we can move from one activity to another using the same avatars, digital assets, and preferences - brings together Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and technologies such as digital twins to create a more immersive, real and engaging Internet.

- Wireless 5G and The Internet

5G is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to connect devices to cell towers and the internet. It can be used as an alternative to traditional broadband internet, or as a supplement to WiFi when WiFi isn't available.

All 5G wireless devices in the cell are connected to the internet and cell phone network via radio waves via the local antenna in the cell. 5G networks are designed to connect more devices than traditional cellular networks. 

5G networks will provide 50x more speed, 10x less latency, and 1,000x more capacity than 4G/LTE. This means 5G will be able to connect more devices and transmit more data than ever before, delivering fast connectivity and significantly enhanced user experiences.

We are at the beginning of a new era characterized by digitization and the Internet of Everything. The goal of the next generation Internet is to autonomously enable any required bandwidth between any and all participants or data centers through abstraction and automation. To do this, existing technologies need to be continuously further developed, and new ways of integrating infrastructure, software and services must also be conceived.

[Stanford University]

- Fiber Optic Technology Powers the Internet

Fiber-based networks make up the bulk of the Internet backbone. Undersea fiber optic cables spanning thousands of miles connect continents, exchanging data at nearly the speed of light. At the same time, the large data centers that host all of our cloud-based applications also rely on fiber optic connections. These fiber optic connections are increasingly going directly into people's homes, providing them with fast, reliable internet.

Fiber optic connections can transfer more data faster than other types of connections. This is possible because fiber optic technology uses light rather than electricity to transmit data at higher frequencies. Fiber optic cables made of glass or plastic are also less susceptible to electromagnetic interference than metal cables.

Coax has a theoretical top speed of 10 Gbps, but you'll never experience that in real-world conditions. Fiber's theoretical top speed is so fast it's hard to actually pin down, but it's generally thought to be somewhere north of 1 petabit per second. 1 PB is 1,000 TB, and 1 TB is 1,000 GB, so 1 Pbps is a million times faster than 10 Gbps.

Installing a new fiber network is a significant capital expenditure for service providers, but maintaining existing networks is not cheap either. As the cost of maintaining aging copper networks increases over time, more providers will choose to upgrade to fiber. Consumer demand for better and faster broadband will also drive investment in newer, faster technologies.

- The Second Quantum Revolution

The second quantum revolution is a current period of advancements in quantum physics that builds on the early developments of quantum mechanics in the 20th century. It involves using quantum mechanics to develop new tools for the classical world, such as by controlling individual quantum systems. This allows for more powerful applications of quantum information, such as entangling qubits to transmit information.

The second quantum revolution builds on the first quantum revolution, which established new rules that govern physical reality, such as the idea that matter particles can sometimes behave like waves and light waves can sometimes act like particles. 

The second quantum revolution uses these rules to develop new technologies, such as quantum information, quantum sensing, quantum optics, and quantum cryptography. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize many fields, including law enforcement.

It’s still unclear whether it will be possible to build a quantum computer powerful enough to break current encryption protocols. Researchers still aren’t sure what kinds of discoveries they will make with quantum information science or what the most useful applications will be. But the stakes are high—and from nations to corporations, everyone is getting into the game. The reality is that the global race is on.

- The Future of Quantum Computing

Quantum computers aren't just about doing things faster or more efficiently. They'll let us do things we couldn't even dream of without them. Things even the best supercomputers can't do. They have the potential to rapidly accelerate the development of artificial intelligence. Google is already using them to improve software for self-driving cars. They are also important for simulating chemical reactions.

Currently, supercomputers can only analyze the most basic molecules. But quantum computers operate using the same quantum properties of the molecules they are trying to simulate. They should have no problem with even the most complex responses. That could mean more efficient products — from new materials for electric car batteries, to better, cheaper drugs, or vastly improved solar panels. Scientists hope quantum simulations may even help find a cure for Alzheimer's disease.

Quantum computers will find use wherever large, uncertain, complex systems need to be simulated. From predicting financial markets to improving weather forecasts to modeling the behavior of individual electrons: using quantum computing to understand quantum physics, anything is possible.

- The Quantum Internet

- The Quantum Internet and Quantum Teleportation